Moreover, In butyrate-mediated protection against diabetic nephropathy (DN), GPR41, GPR43, and GPR109A engage in crosstalk networks involving histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition, histone butyrylation, and miRNA repertoire alterations, collectively modulating DN-associated inflammatory and fibrotic pathologies (Cheng et al., 2022). The gene discussed is HDAC9; the disease is liver dysplastic nodule.