Autophagy alleviates ER stress by clearing misfolded proteins to sustain tumor cell survival, for instance, Sestrin2, a stress-inducible protein, dualistically suppresses ER stress via PERK pathway inhibition while activating AMPK-mediated autophagy, effectively curbing apoptosis in lung cancer cells (57), whereas excessive autophagy may trigger apoptosis or ferroptosis. This evidence concerns the gene EIF2AK3 and lung carcinoma.