This inflammatory consensus extends to immune cell dynamics​​—where prior studies implicated CYBB and CXCR2 in immune cell infiltration (35), ​​our study identifies S100A8/A9 as critical monocyte-derived mediators​​, ​​reinforcing the paradigm that myeloid inflammation fundamentally orchestrates AF progression​​. This evidence concerns the gene CXCR2 and atrial fibrillation.