Plasma levels of inflammatory markers known to be clinically relevant for assessing symptoms of RA (Moelants et al., 2013; Burska et al., 2014) (specifically, elevated plasma levels of human IFNγ, TNFα and IL-12) confirmed this pattern and indicate a Th1-mediated inflammatory milieu in NSG-RA mice. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and rheumatoid arthritis.