TNF and major depressive disorder: 2023). Similarly, frailty has been shown to increase vulnerability to digestive diseases by promoting immune dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and malnutrition, all of which can worsen depressive symptoms (Xu et al. 2022). Inflammation may be a key mediator between frailty and depression (Carbery et al. 2024; Marcos‐Pérez et al. 2020), and pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐6 and TNF‐α may promote the mediating effect between frailty and depression (Di Sabatino et al. 2018; Truyens et al. 2022; Harneshaug et al. 2019).