ERN1 and cardiovascular disorder: Several studies have associated cardiovascular diseases with alterations in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), particularly disruption of ER homeostasis leading to upregulation or severe activation of the UPR, especially IRE1 (Hamada et al., 2004; Liu et al., 2008; Minamino & Kitakaze, 2010; Okada et al., 2004; Ortega et al., 2014).