PMC_P and GMC_P, observed as specific regions prior to cancer and in transitional zones from normal to tumor, represent precancerous states.30 Pro_T, found in cancer areas, exhibits functions related to tumor progression, such as inflammatory responses (TNF-α signaling via NF-κB and IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling), fibrotic/remodeling pathways (epithelial-mesenchymal transition and TGF-β signaling), metabolic reprogramming (cholesterol homeostasis and glycolysis) and cell fate control (apoptosis, TP53 pathway) activation, indicating a complexed pro-tumor state (Supplementary Fig. 2d). Here, TNF is linked to cancer.