TPD52 and gastric cancer: To investigate the roles of TPD52 and TPD52L2 in GC pathogenesis, we first analyzed their expression patterns in normal gastric mucosa cells (GES-1) versus GC cell lines (HGC27, MKN45, AGS).​​ qRT–PCR and immunoblotting revealed that TPD52 and TPD52L2 expression was significantly elevated in malignant cell lines compared with normal controls (Fig. 9a–d).