However, we observed global changes in CF activation of Th1 and CD8 T cell responses as measured by interferon γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) that warrant further investigation and mechanistic understanding as this finding has implications not only for CRISPR/Cas9 gene therapy for people with CF but also for protection against infectious disease. Here, TNF is linked to cystic fibrosis.