The risk of tMN after first primary lung cancer was significantly elevated after chemotherapy ± radiation exposure with G-CSF (HR = 4.53, 95% CI = 3.11 to 6.59, P < .0001); however, there was no association in the absence of G-CSF exposure (HR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.65 to 1.31; Table 1). Here, CSF3 is linked to lung carcinoma.