The risk of tMN after first primary prostate cancer was also significantly elevated after chemotherapy ± radiation with (HR = 3.94, 95% CI = 2.26 to 6.87, P < .0001) and without (HR = 2.91, 95% CI = 2.50 to 3.38, P < .0001; Table 1) G-CSF exposure. This evidence concerns the gene CSF3 and prostate carcinoma.