Additionally, encapsulation of ACP within the PLHNs likely reduced its interaction with P-gp efflux transporters and intestinal metabolizing enzymes – an advantage over our previously formulated ACP nanocrystals.15 These findings highlight the potential of PLHN technology to significantly improve the therapeutic performance of ACP, particularly for spleen-targeted malignancies such as CLL and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). This evidence concerns the gene NDUFAB1 and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.