PAPPA and gestational diabetes: In the statistical analysis that followed, comparing the levels in the GDM group to those of the control group, a difference was found in β-hCG: 1.11 ± 0.14 MoM vs. 1.331 ± 0.27 MoM, while PAPP-A levels showed no significant difference: 1.2 ± 0.1874 MoM vs. 1.268 ± 0.12 MoM, respectively (Table 1).