BDNF and liver disorder: Cilostazol has been demonstrated to reduce the NF-κB p65-evoked inflammatory response and astrocyte activation via the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway; promote Nrf2 antioxidant effect; reduce and increase the expression level of Bax and Bcl2 protein, respectively; restore the BDNF/TrkB/CREB neuroprotective axis function; and restore mitochondrial dysfunction in brain cells, thereby alleviating liver disease-induced nerve damage (Gad et al., 2025).