CD8A and neoplasm: TNBCvax significantly enhanced the infiltration and activation of immune cells, particularly CD8+ T cells, within the tumor microenvironment, and functional activation of CD8+ T cells, as evidenced by upregulated expression of key cytotoxic mediators IFN-γ, TNF-α, and Granzyme B. These cytokines play important roles for T cell-mediated tumor cell killing and related immune responses (23).