GLP1R and endothelial dysfunction: Improved glycemic control (e.g., via SGLT2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists) may reduce atrial structural remodeling by mitigating inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction—key drivers of the thrombogenic atrial substrate (Zhong et al., 2024; Lui et al., 2023; O'Keefe et al., 2021).