NFKB1 and cancer: Recent studies have shown that the intra-tumoral microbiota may contribute to the promotion of the initiation and progression of cancers by DNA mutations, activating carcinogenic pathways, promoting chronic inflammation, the complement system, and initiating metastasis, and regulating cancer cell physiology and the immune response through different signaling pathways, including ROS, β-catenin, TLR, ERK, NF-κB, and STING, among others (Fu et al., 2023; Xue et al., 2023; Yang et al., 2023).