In addition, palmitoylation of Rab3 GTPase-activating protein 1 (Rab3gap1) by inhibiting zDHHC family activity or blocking it modulates the exocytotic release of neuropeptides and hormones from neuroendocrine cells, as well as secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from cardiac myocytes, resulting in an improvement of vasodilatory function in patients with heart failure (75, 76). Here, NPPA is linked to heart failure.