NRG1 and neoplasm: NRG1 a member of the neuregulin protein family, promotes tumor progression in TNBC by binding to the abnormally expressed ERBB4 receptor, inducing the formation of HER2–HER3/4 heterodimers and persistently activating downstream signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT and MAPK, thereby enhancing tumor cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis (Yun et al., 2018; Miano et al., 2022).