Meanwhile, it also participates in tumorigenesis and progression through TLR4- and RAGE-mediated inflammatory responses (34, 59), enhances the expansion of diverse immune cell populations within the tumor microenvironment (TME), and activates relevant cytokine signaling pathways, thereby promoting tumor transformation, supporting tumor growth, and facilitating tumor invasion and metastasis. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and neoplasm.