In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), HMGB1 activates the PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways and induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP - 9) expression, which enhances the invasiveness and migratory ability of NSCLC cells (48). This evidence concerns the gene MMP9 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.