SMAD2 and keloid: • Zyxin: Attenuates keloids via TGF-β inhibition • Osthole: Inhibits TGF-β/Smad2 in oral fibrosis • AMSCs/Exosomes: Suppress α-SMA/COL3A1 via TGF-β1/Smad3 • Artesunate: Downregulates TGF-β/Smad in scars