SMAD2 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: • EPA-PLs: Suppress TGF-β/Smad3 & inflammation • Anti-Smad3 therapy: Reduces T2D/T2DN severity in db/db mice • αKlotho: Blocks TGF-β receptor binding • Ginkgo biloba/Ganoderic acid: Downregulate TGF-β1/Smad2/3