IL13RA2 and glioblastoma: Therefore, future strategies will focus on: advancing combination therapy of dual-target (EGFR/IL13Rα2) CAR-T cells and PD-1 inhibitors for GBM; exploring dual targeting of GD2/B7-H3 or combination with radiotherapy for DIPG; and enhancing T cell activity through repeated intracranial infusion and incorporation of 4 - 1BB co-stimulatory domains, while integrating ctDNA monitoring and AI-based imaging for precise assessment.