TNF and infection: Patients are typically seropositive for SARS-CoV-2, despite no active infection being detectable in the upper respiratory tract, and possess elevated inflammatory markers [C-reactive protein, TNFα (also known as TNF), interleukin (IL)-6] with distinct interferon gamma (IFNγ) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) immune signatures (Sacco et al., 2022).