This process retained 17 variables with non-zero coefficients, including clinical scores (LODS, OASIS, SOFA), treatment procedures (CABG), vital signs (DBP, SBP, heart rate), laboratory parameters (ALP, AST, albumin, creatinine, glucose, sodium, BUN, hemoglobin), and demographic/clinical characteristics (age, BMI, LOS in ICU, CKD, hypertension, TyG index) (Figure 2). Here, ALB is linked to Hypertension.