In our scRNA-seq dataset, upregulation of the MSigDB Hallmark gene set term “TNF-alpha signaling via NF-kB,” as well as the individual genes TNF, TNFRSF12A, and TNFRSF19, was particularly interesting, because MIF is a proinflammatory cytokine believed to activate TNF-alpha32,33, a key player in CKD development23. Here, TNFRSF19 is linked to chronic kidney disease.