The interplay between the ERK signaling pathway and epigenetic mechanisms has garnered significant attention in recent years, as emerging evidence suggests that ERK can influence the activity of epigenetic regulators, while epigenetic changes can also modulate the ERK pathway (Pandian and Ganesan, 2022[100]).For instance, in cancer, aberrant activation of the ERK pathway often leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation and survival, while epigenetic alterations can drive tumorigenesis by silencing tumor suppressor genes or activating oncogenes. Here, MAPK1 is linked to cancer.