MAPK1 and cancer: ERK activation dynamically modulates the expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) via phosphorylation of transcription factors (e.g., c-Myc, AP-1) or chromatin-modifying enzymes.The bidirectional regulatory interplay between the ERK signaling pathway and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) plays a pivotal role in cellular differentiation, cancer progression, drug response, and disease pathogenesis.