MAPK1 and neoplasm: For example, research shows that combining ERK inhibitors with drugs that target the Pl3K/AKT/mTOR pathway can improve antitumor effects in preclinical models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (Kim et al., 2019[62]).This combination not only inhibits tumor cell growth but also promotes apoptosis, emphasizing the potential for synergistic interactions between various treatment approaches..