For example, the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) mediated by ERK leads to the stabilization of β-catenin (Li et al., 2018[66]; Zheng et al., 2013[151]), which is a crucial component in the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), essential for cancer metastasis (Liu et al., 2022[72]). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK1 and cancer.