INF tonsils had a higher proportion of S1+RBD+ B cells in the IgG+ GCB cluster (cluster 6) and IgA+ GCB cluster (cluster 11, by Mann-Whitney U) than VAC (Figure 3a–c, f–h; Extended Data Figure 2d), supporting the greater effectiveness of natural infection in generating and maintaining GC responses in pharyngeal mucosal tissues over vaccination. The gene discussed is PSMD1; the disease is infection.