Consistent with this, in patients newly diagnosed with SLE, CXCR5− PD-1hi Tph cells were persistently expanded over at least 1 year, whereas CXCR5+ PD-1hi Tfh cells decreased over time, suggesting a potential transition of Tfh cells into Tph cells during disease progression (12). The gene discussed is CXCR5; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.