TNF and neoplasm: While the antineoplastic immune responses may ascribe to enhanced differentiation and recruitment of T lymphocytes (e.g., tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, central memory T cells and effector memory T cells), upregulated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines cytokines secretion (e.g., interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 12 (IL-12), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ)) and remodeling of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (e.g., immunosuppressive cells reduction).