VCAM1 and neoplasm: Activated ECs recruit effector immune cells guiding their infiltration into the tumor microenvironment through a multi-staged adhesion process which includes binding of the integrins lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) on T cells to the respective ligands intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) on TECs (68).