Thus, although further studies are needed, in addition to supporting an anxiety phenotype in Pink1–/– rats in general, the use of behavioral measures beyond those that are standard in EPM testing may have uncovered impacts of the Pink1–/– genotype on approach/avoidance endpoints of anxiety that are understudied in PD but that if better understood and treated, could improve motor as well as non-motor outcomes for PD patients of both sexes. This evidence concerns the gene PINK1 and Anxiety.