VSX2 and autonomic dysreflexia: In addition, recent preclinical experiments demonstrated that long-term application of EES over the lumbosacral spinal cord augmented the density of maladaptive synaptic connections from Vsx2-expressing neurons of the lumbosacral to Vsx2-expressing neurons of the lower thoracic spinal cord, which reinforces the severity of autonomic dysreflexia (AD)16.