Namely, normal urothelial cells represent a non-cancerous state characterised by high expression of uroplakins42,43, cytokeratins44 and E-cadherin45, while RT4 cells represent an early-stage bladder cancer phenotype, expressing markers associated with more differentiated or less aggressive bladder cancer cells, such as uroplakins46 and E-cadherin.45 On the other hand, T24 cells represent a more advanced stage of bladder cancer cells, characterised by increased invasiveness, the absence of differentiation markers (uroplakins)47,48 and upregulation of N-cadherin.45,49. This evidence concerns the gene CDH2 and urinary bladder carcinoma.