Recently, Yang et al. loaded TNF-α-treated MSCs-derived exosomes onto micro/nano-network titanium (Ti) surfaces, which increased the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines by targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis through M2-macrophage polarization, thereby accelerating osseointegration in type 2 diabetes (T2D) conditions 143. Here, TNF is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.