IL1B and rheumatoid arthritis: We further observed that pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β (2.37-fold increase in OA, 20.15-fold in RA), IL-6 (3.17-fold in OA, 19.5-fold in RA), and TNF-α (1.29-fold in OA, 1.5-fold in RA), were significantly elevated in synovial tissues from OA and RA patients compared to those from healthy donors (Supplementary Figure S1).