We further observed that pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β (2.37-fold increase in OA, 20.15-fold in RA), IL-6 (3.17-fold in OA, 19.5-fold in RA), and TNF-α (1.29-fold in OA, 1.5-fold in RA), were significantly elevated in synovial tissues from OA and RA patients compared to those from healthy donors (Supplementary Figure S1). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and rheumatoid arthritis.