Mechanistic studies reveal that UTMD-mediated aFGF delivery attenuates ventricular remodeling through activation of PI3 K/Akt signaling pathways (51), while bFGF administration via UTMD enhances angiogenesis via VEGF upregulation and improves cardiac function parameters in DCM models (52, 53). The gene discussed is FGF2; the disease is familial dilated cardiomyopathy.