Mechanistic studies reveal that UTMD-mediated aFGF delivery attenuates ventricular remodeling through activation of PI3 K/Akt signaling pathways (51), while bFGF administration via UTMD enhances angiogenesis via VEGF upregulation and improves cardiac function parameters in DCM models (52, 53). This evidence concerns the gene FGF1 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy.