Previous studies demonstrated that S100A8 and S100A9 were key components of transcriptomic panel of PBMCs to predict persistent organ failure in AP patients [15]; S100A8 and S100A9 were also increased in the exosomes derived from AP patients with persistent organ failure, which might lead to inflammatory response via NADPH oxidase [21]. This evidence concerns the gene S100A9 and alkaline phosphatase measurement.