Additionally, phenolic metabolites (e.g., salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge [Lamiaceae] in “blood-activating” patches) demonstrate anti-inflammatory/antioxidant effects by scavenging ROS and inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β), potentially mitigating post-stroke edema and neuronal damage to indirectly restore swallowing pathways (Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association, 2011). Here, TNF is linked to Stroke.