Given that NINJ1 oligomerization mediates plasma membrane rupture, we detected that the LDH, a well-known indicator of plasma membrane rupture, as well as HMGB1 and IL-1β, the common proinflammatory DAMPs 18, were released at high levels in the serum of AKI mice (Supplementary Figure 1O). Here, HMGB1 is linked to acute kidney injury.