Notably, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) reduces age-related hyperinsulinemia in mice (Zangerolamo et al., 2022), mediates insulin sensitivity in obese mice (Zhang et al., 2022), ameliorates diabetic kidney disease in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice (Sankrityayan et al., 2023), attenuates inflammatory responses, and modulates intestinal microbiota composition to alleviate the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by a high-fat diet in mice (Wang et al., 2018). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.