TOP2A and systemic lupus erythematosus: Signaling pathways such as MAPK, Ras, and Rap1 play extensive roles in various cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, survival, and immune regulation.[40–43] In CRC, aberrant activation of these signaling pathways can promote tumor growth and immune evasion.[44] In SLE, they may be involved in the activation of autoreactive T cells and the maintenance of autoimmune responses.[45] The association of TOP2A with these pathways could represent a significant factor linking the immune and cellular dysfunctions observed in both CRC and SLE.