TNF and infection: Supplementary Figure S1 shows the characterization of the intranasal infection with three different inocula (3 × 101, 3 × 102 and 3 × 103 PFU/mouse) of MHV-3. The intermediate inoculum (3 × 102 PFU/mouse) was selected for its optimal time window for assessing disease parameters. An inoculum of 3 × 102 PFU/mouse of MHV-3 caused body weight loss, lung lesion, production of inflammatory mediators in the lungs (TNF, IL-6, and CXCL1), viral detection by qPCR assay and death of the animals 5–6 dpi(Supplementary Figure S,1 A-G).