In freshwater systems, where SO-induced lipid accumulation is pronounced, strategically reducing dietary SO levels (e.g., partial replacement with low-n-6 PUFA oils like palm oil) or supplementing Ppar agonists (e.g., fibrates) could mitigate hepatic steatosis while maintaining growth benefits (Zhang et al., 2021; Fan et al., 2024; Chen et al., 2025). Here, PPARA is linked to fatty liver disease.