MAPK3 and neoplasm: VC can inhibit ECM remodeling through several mechanisms: (1) Reducing the mRNA expression of various MMPs in CAFs, thereby blocking ECM remodeling and the secretion of tumor-promoting growth factors (105); (2) Inhibiting tumor cell EMT by modulating integrin and YAP/TAZ mechanical signaling (108); (3) Enhancing proline hydroxylation and further promoting collagen-integrin adhesion and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in cell stretching pathways (109).