Furthermore, our study demonstrated that following the exercise intervention, COPD+NAFLD patients experienced a significant reduction in circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17) and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 expression, particularly when compared with COPD-only patients. Here, IL1B is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.