XDH and Nephropathy: In vitro and animal data demonstrate selected strains [including Lactobacillus CICC 6074 and 20,292 from PSFA studies (Li et al., 2024)] suppress hepatic xanthine oxidase activity (as evidenced by PSFA’s xanthine oxidase inhibition) (Sun et al., 2024), up-regulate ABCG2 and SLC2A9 transporters (Sun et al., 2024), and enrich SCFAs that curb NLRP3 activation via FFAR signaling, attenuating renal and colonic inflammation (Han et al., 2023; Wang Q. et al., 2024) (consistent with PSFA’s reduction in creatinine/urea levels and amelioration of kidney damage).