AKT1 and Hepatic fibrosis: In comparison to silymarin, a well-known treatment for liver fibrosis, kaempferol exhibits a broader multi-target mechanism of action, enabling a more comprehensive regulation of critical pathways involved in liver fibrosis, such as TGF-β/Smad and PI3K/Akt (El-Hawary et al., 2019; Xia et al., 2025), Kaempferol demonstrates greater potential in inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells and promoting collagen degradation.