Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly those targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), have achieved durable clinical responses across multiple malignancies, including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (Nagasaki et al., 2022; Sun et al., 2023; Pardoll, 2012). Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.