For example, GLP-conjugated BiNPs have been shown to induce dendritic cell maturation and cytokine release, contributing to improved T-cell priming and tumor antigen recognition.131 Similarly, transferrin-functionalized BiNPs used in glioma models not only enhanced radiation-induced DNA damage but also triggered ICD-related immune activation, illustrating their dual role as radiosensitizers and immunoadjuvants.43 By engaging the immune system, BiNP-based RT-CDT platforms may also reduce recurrence and metastasis, which are often fueled by immune escape mechanisms. The gene discussed is TF; the disease is central nervous system cancer.