PRKN and Parkinson disease: Specifically, dysregulation in PD-related genes such as PRKN and LRRK2 contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction through distinct but converging mechanisms: Parkin (PRKN) regulates mitophagy and inflammation [58], while LRRK2 disrupts mitophagy, mitochondrial membrane potential, and degradation in a cell type-specific manner [59].