AHR and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In an in vitro model of type 1 diabetes, L. johnsonii N6.2 derived EVs could protect pancreatic beta cells from apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner by activating the non-canonical Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) and 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) pathways, leading to oxidative stress protection and inducing anti-inflammatory pathways (73).